2011年我国14家医院革兰阳性球菌耐药监测研究

Abstract

目的 调查2011年我国14家医院革兰阳性球菌临床分离株的耐药率.方法 收集2011年6至12月14家教学医院临床分离的1498株非重复革兰阳性球菌.采用琼脂稀释法测定抗菌药物的MIC,对不同病原菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药率做回顾性研究,采用一般x2检验比较不同年龄组中青霉素不敏感的肺炎链球菌(PNSSP)的发生率.结果 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCoNS)发生率分别为43.7％(222/508)和85.6％(214/250)；不同地区MRSA发生率20.0％ ～63.5％,不同标本中MRSA发生率为:呼吸道标本58.2％(82/141),血液标本44.8％(48/107),脓及伤口标本23.8％(31/130).MRSA对氯霉素和复方磺胺甲噁唑的敏感率分别为94.1％(209/222)和83.3％ (185/222),对庆大霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、四环素、利福平和喹诺酮类药物的敏感率11.3％～52.3％,未发现对替考拉宁、万古霉素、利奈唑胺和达托霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌；发现5株万古霉素耐药肠球菌(VRE)；粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对达托霉素敏感率为100.0％(268/268),对利奈唑胺的敏感率分别为98.3％(118/120)和99.3％(147/148),对高浓度庆大霉素的耐药率分别为45.9％(68/148)和67.5％(81/120),粪肠球菌对氯霉素和四环素的敏感率低于屎肠球菌,但对其他所测试抗菌药物均有较高的敏感率；PNSSP的比例为15.5％(37/239),≤3岁以下幼儿组PNSSP分离率为25％ (13/52),其他年龄组人群分离率为13％(24/187)；肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素、四环素的耐药率分别为91.6％(219/239)、88.7％(212/239)和88.3％(211/239),未发现对替考拉宁、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素和达托霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌；各组β溶血链球菌对青霉素均敏感,但对红霉素、克林霉素、四环素的耐药率均超过60％.结论 不同地区革兰阳性球菌的耐药率有所差异,较往年有增高趋势,应引起重视；替考拉宁、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素和达托霉素对革兰阳性球菌具有很好的抗菌活性.

Objective To investigate antimicrobial resistance among gram-positive cocci in 14 teaching hospitals in China in 2011.Methods From June 2011 to December 2011,1498 consecutive and non-repetitive gram-positive cocci were collected from 14 teaching hospitals.The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibacterial agents was determined by agar dilution method.A retrospective study was conducted on rates of resistance to antimicrobial agents.Data was compared using chi-square test.Results The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillinresistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS) was 43.7％ (222/508),and 85.6％ (214/250),respectively.The MRSA prevalence ranged from 20.0％ to 63.5％ in different regions.About 58.2％ (82/141) of Staphylococcus aureus from respiratory tract specimens,44.8％ (48/107) of Staphylococcus aureus from blood samples,and 23.8％ (31/130) of Staphylococcus aureus from pus and wound were resistant to methicillin.The susceptible rates of MRSA to chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim SXT were 94.1％ (209/222) and 83.3％ (185/222),respectively.Susceptibility to gentamycin,erythromycin,clindamycin,tetracyclines,rifampicin and quinolones were from 11.3％ to 52.3％.All Staphylococci isolates were susceptible to vancomycin,teicoplanin,linezolid and daptomycin.Five vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) strains were found in this study.All enterococcus isolates were susceptible to daptomycin(268/268),and 98.3％ (118/120) of E.faecalis and 99.3％ (147/148) of E.faecium were susceptible to linezoild.About 45.9％ (68/148) of E.faecalis and 67.5％ (81/120) of E.faecium were resistant to high concentration gentamycin.The susceptibility of E.faecalis to all the antibiotics except for chloramphenicol and tetracycline was higher than that of E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillinnonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (PNSSP) was 15.5％ (37/239).The prevalence of PNSSP in children below 3 years-old was 25％ (13/52),and the prevalence of PNSSP from other patients was 13％(24/187).About 91.6％ (219/239),88.7％ (212/239) and 88.3％ (211/239) of S.pneumonia was resistant to erythromycin,clindamycin and tetracyclines.All S.pneumoniae strains were susceptible to teicoplanin,vancomycin,linezolid,tigecycline and daptomycin.Penicillin still showed high activity against Streptococcus spp.β-hemolytic group.More than 60％ of Streptococcus.spp.β-hemolytic group are resistant to erythromycin,clindamycin and tetracyclines.Conclusions Based on regions,the resistance rates of Gram-positive cocci are different,of which,the increasing tendency should be taken seriously.Teicoplanin,vancomycin,linezolid,tigecycline and daptomycin show very high activity against Gram-positive cocci.