2008年中国十二家教学医院革兰阳性球菌耐药性研究

Abstract

目的 调查2008年我国革兰阳性球菌临床分离株的耐药性.方法 收集2008年6至12月12家教学医院临床分离的1171株非重复革兰阳性球菌.采用琼脂稀释法测定抗菌药物的MIC值.结果 金黄色葡萄球菌和凝同酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐苯唑西林菌株分别占49.9%(232/465)和74.0%(179/242);不J司地区MRSA发生率在33.3%～65.0%之间;不同标本MRSA分离率分别为:呼吸道标本71.1%(108/152),血液标本48.3%(28/58),脓、伤口和无菌体液标本36.0%(68/189).MRSA对复方磺胺和氯霉素的敏感率为81.5%(183/232)和89.7%(208/232);对喹诺酮类、庆大霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、四环素和利福平的敏感率为3.9%～35.0%;未发现对替考拉宁、万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药的葡萄球菌.共发现3株VRE;粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对利奈唑胺的敏感率分别为96.2%(101/105)和97.0%(130/134),对高浓度庆大霉素耐药率分别为48.6%(51/105)和75.4%(101/134);粪肠球菌对氯霉素和四环素的敏感率低于屎肠球菌,但对其他所测试抗菌药物均有较高的敏感性;屎肠球菌对除糖肽类抗菌药及利奈唑胺以外的其他所测抗菌药物的敏感率均较低.225株PISP分离率为24.9%(56/225),未发现PRSP.≤3岁儿童组肺炎链球菌中PNSSP分离率为36.6%(15/41),其他年龄组患者中PNSSP分离率为15.4%～26.6%.青霉素敏感的肺炎球菌(PSSP)对头孢丙烯、头孢呋辛和头孢克罗敏感率分别为67.5%(114/169)、66.3%(112/169)和61.5%(104/169),而PISP对这3种药物均耐药;所测225株肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺高度敏感,对加替沙星、左氧氟沙星和莫西沙星的敏感率分别为96.9%,97.8%和98.2%,对头孢曲松、氯霉素和阿莫西林/克拉维酸的敏感率分别为81.3%、77.3%和68.0%,对大环内酯类、复方磺胺和四环素的敏感率为11.6%～23.6%.结论 我国VRE发生率低,而葡萄球菌中苯唑西林耐药菌株分离率高.≤3岁儿童组PNSSP分离率高于其他年龄组.替考拉宁、万古霉素和利奈唑胺对葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌和肺炎链球菌具有很好的抗菌活性.

Objective To investigate antimicrobial resistance among gram-positive cocci in China in 2008.Methods From June 2008 to December 2008,1171 consecutive and non-repetitive gram-positive cocci were collected from 12 teaching hospitals.The MICs of antibacterial agents was determined by agar dilution method.Results The prevalence of MRSA and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci(MRSCoN) was 49.9%(232/465) and 74.0%(179/242),respectively.The MRSA prevalence ranged from 33.3% to 65% in different regions.About 71.1%(108/152) of Staphylococcus aureus from respiratory tract specimens,48.3%(28/58) of Staphylococcus aureus from blood samples,and 36%(68/189) of Staphylococcus aureus from the pus,wound and sterile body fluid samples were resistant to methicillin.The susceptible rates of MRSA to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(SXT) and chloramphenicol were 81.5%(183/232) and 89.7%(208/232).Susceptibility to gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracyclines,rifampicin,and quinolones were from 3.9% to 35.0%.All Staphylococci isolates were susceptible to vancomycin,teicoplanin,and linezolid.Three vacomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains were found in this study.About 96.2%(101/105) of Enterococcus faecalis and 97%(130/134) of Enterococcus faecium were susceptible to linezoild.Fifty-one out of 105 of Enterococcus faecalis(48.6%)and 101 out of 134 Enterococcus faecium(75.4%)were resistant to high concentration gentaroicin.The susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis to all the antibiotics except for chloramphenicol and tetracycline was higher than that of Enterococcus faecium.Enterococcus faecium isolates showed a high resistant prevalence to most of antibiotics except glycopeptides and linezolid.The prevalence of PISP among 225 isolates was was 36.6%(15/41),and the prevalence of PNSSP from the other patients ranged from 15.4% to 26.6%.The susceptible rates of PSSP to cefprozil,cefuroxime and cefaclor were 67.5%(114/169),66.3%(112/169) and 61.5%(104/169),respectively.All the PISP isolates were resistant to the above three antibiotics.Teicoplanin,vancomycin and linezolid were the most active agents against Staphylococcus pneumoniae(susceptible rate,100%).About 96.9%,97.8% and 98.2% Staphylococcus pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to gatifloxacin,levofloxacin,and moxifloxacin,respectively.The susceptible rates of Staphylococcus pneumoniae to ceftriaxone,chloramphenicol and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were 81.3%,77.3%,and 68.0%,respectively.The susceptibility of Staphylococci pneumoniae to macrolides,SXT and tetracycline ranged from 11.6% to 23.6%.Conclusions The prevalence of VRE is low in China.However,methicillin-resistance among Staphylococci isolates was high.The prevalence of PNNSP isolated from (≤)3 years children is higher than in the other age population.Teicoplanin,vancomycin,and linezolid remain high activity against Staphylococci,Enterococcus faecalis,Enterococcus faecium,and Staphylococcus pneumoniae.