公共交通经营规制沿革与启示 ——以深圳市公共汽车40年发展历程为例

Abstract

提供高效、公平的城市公共交通服务是各国政府进行公共交通规制改革的目的之一.首先梳理管制、放松管制和竞争性招标三种公共交通规制模式的特征和优缺点.从市场准入机制、票制票价与财政补贴体系、经营权三个维度分析深圳市公共汽车40年的改革历程.总结深圳市公共汽车改革经历了从国有国营到市场化改革再到国有化回潮三个主要阶段的演变.从政府参与公共汽车企业经营的程度、公共汽车市场的竞争程度、政府在公共汽车行业职能缺位三个视角提出对中国城市公共汽车规制的思考.

Providing efficient and fair urban public transit service is one of the purposes of public transit regulation reform carried out by governments in different countries. This paper first summarizes the charac-teristics, advantages and disadvantages of three public transit regulation modes:control, loosening control and competitive bidding. The paper analyzes the 40-year reform process of bus regulation in Shenzhen in three aspects: market access mechanism, fare system and financial subsidy system, as well as operation right. There were three major stages of the bus development in Shenzhen:a state-owned system underwent market-oriented reformation, then there was a resurgence of state ownership. The paper puts forward some thoughts on the bus regulation of cities in China from the perspectives of the degree of government's par-ticipation in the operation of bus companies, the degree of competition in the bus market, and the insuffi-ciency of government management on bus industry.