Abnormalities and Return: An Exploration of the Concept Fan ? in the Laozi

Abstract

Laozi's concept of fan ? has many different interpretations. However, except for the fan character in chapter seventy-eight which says appropriate language seems contradictory (fan ?) where it obviously refers to contradictions or opposites (xiangfan ??), all other appearances of this character should be explained as fan ? (return). Return does not refer to opposites, nor does it refer to cyclicality. This point is illustrated through three main channels: first, we argue that in the Laozi, the character fan ? was used as a phonetic loan for fan ?. Second, this paper shows that both fan and fugui ??mean return. The third channel attempts to answer the questions of why and where the Laozi needs to advocate for the principle of return.