2016年中国12家教学医院院内感染常见病原菌的分布和抗菌药物耐药监测研究

Abstract

目的 监测2016年我国引起院内感染的主要病原菌的病原谱分布和对主要抗菌药物的敏感性.方法 回顾性收集来自全国12家教学医院的引起院内血流感染(BSI)、院内获得性肺炎(HAP)和院内获得性腹腔感染(IAI)的病原菌.菌株经中心实验室复核后,对其中重要的临床常见菌株进行了抗菌药物药敏实验,采用琼脂稀释法或微量肉汤稀释法测定菌株的最低抑菌浓度,药敏结果判断采用CLSI 2017年M100S(第27版)标准.数据分析采用WHONET-5.6软件.结果 共收集2060例病例,包括BSI 894例,HAP 630例,IAI 536例.对其中的1896株重要的临床常见菌株进行了抗菌药物药敏实验.大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌是引起BSI和IAI的最主要的致病菌,而鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌是引起HAP的最主要致病菌.金黄色葡萄球菌对替加环素、利奈唑胺、达托霉素和糖肽类抗生素都表现为敏感.甲氧西林耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌的发生率为44.4％(75/169).甲氧西林耐药的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的发生率为80.9％(72/89).未发现对替加环素、利奈唑胺和达托霉素耐药的肠球菌.万古霉素耐药的肠球菌只在屎肠球菌中发现,占屎肠球菌的1.8％(2/111).替加环素、美罗培南、阿米卡星、亚胺培南、多黏菌素B对肠杆菌科细菌表现出很高的抗菌活性,肠杆菌科细菌对上述药物的敏感率分别为96.6％(865/895)、94.3％(859/911)、94.2％(858/911)、94.1％(857/911)、91.6％(820/895).大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中超广谱β内酰胺酶的发生率为58.4％(263/450)和28.6％(84/294).碳青霉烯耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌发生率分别为15.3％(45/294)和1.8％(8/450).多黏菌素B耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌发生率分别为4.1％(12/294)和4.4％(20/450).替加环素耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌发生率分别为2.4％(7/294)和0.2％(1/450).鲍曼不动杆菌除对替加环素(91.4％,235/257)和多黏菌素(100％,257/257)表现出较高的敏感性,对其他抗菌药物均表现出较高的耐药率,碳青霉烯耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌发生率达到80.5％(207/257).碳青霉烯耐药的铜绿假单胞菌发生率为31.7％(59/186),多黏菌素B和阿米卡星对铜绿假单胞菌都表现出较强的抗菌活性,敏感率分别为100％(186/186)和90.9％(169/186).结论 替加环素和多黏菌素B对大部分院内感染常见致病菌均表现出较强的抗菌活性.鲍曼不动杆菌耐药问题严重.碳青霉烯耐药和多黏菌素B耐药的肠杆菌科细菌发生率有所增高,需要引起关注并进行持续监测.

Objective To investigate the spectrum and antimicrobial resistance of major pathogens causing nosocomial infections in China, 2016. Methods Non-duplicated nosocomial cases as well as pathogens causing bloodstream infections ( BSI) , hospital-acquired pneumonia ( HAP) and intra-abdominal infections ( IAI ) from 12 teaching hospitals across China were collected. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of important clinical common strains were determined by agar dilution method or broth microdilution method. The CLSI M100-S27 criteria was used for interpretation. Data were analyzed by using WHONET-5. 6 software. Results A total of 2060 cases were collected, including 894 cases from BSI, 630 cases from HAP and 536 cases from IAI. The MICs of 1896 important clinical common strains were determined. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most prevalent pathogens causing BSI and IAI, while Acinetobacter baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were dominated in HAP. All Staphylococcus aureus were susceptible to tigecycline, linezolid, daptomycin and glycopeptides. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus accounted for 44. 4％ ( 75/169 ) of all the S. aureus. The rate of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci was 80. 9％ ( 72/89 ) . No Enterococcus strains were found resistant to tigecycline, linezolid or daptomycin. Vacomycin resistant enterococcus was found in Enterococcus faecium, accounting for 1. 8％ ( 2/111 ) of all E. faecium strains. Tigecycline, meropenem, amikacin, imipenem, and polymyxin B exhibited high potency against Enterobacteriaceae and the susceptibility rates were 96. 6％(865/895), 94. 3％ (859/911), 94. 2％ (858/911), 94. 1％ (857/911), and 91. 6％ (820/895), respectively. The prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase was 58. 4％ ( 263/450 ) in E. coli and 28. 6％ ( 84/294 ) in K. pneumonia. The rate of carbapenem resistant K. pneumonia and E. coli was 15. 3％ ( 45/294 ) and 1. 8％ ( 8/450 ) , respectively. The percentage of polymyxin B resistant K. pneumonia and E. coli was 4. 1％ ( 12/294 ) and 4. 4％ ( 20/450 ) , respectively. The rate of tigecycline resistant K. pneumonia and E. coli was 2. 4％ ( 7/294 ) and 0. 2％ ( 1/450 ) , respectively. A. baumanii showed low susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents except tigecycline ( 91. 4％, 235/257 ) and polymyxin B (100％, 257/257). The rate of carbapenem resistant A. baumanii was 80. 5％ (207/257). The rate of carbapenem resistant P. aeruginosa was 31. 7％ ( 59/186 ) . Polymyxin B and amikacin demonstrated high antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa with susceptility rate of 100％ ( 186/186 ) and 90. 9％ ( 169/186), respectively. Conclusions Nosocomial pathogens showed high susceptibilities against tigecycline and polymyxin B. Antimicrobial resistance in A. baumannii is a serious problem. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and polymyxin B resistant Enterobacteriaceae has increased, which should be monitored continuously in China.