Heterocyclic polymerization modified g-C 3 N 4 nanotube with advanced charge separation for solar light driven degradation of ciprofloxacin

Abstract

A novel heterocyclic polymerized g-C 3 N 4 nanotube was prepared by thermal polycondensation using urea and 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP). The TAP-polymerized g-C 3 N 4 composite with 0.5 wt% TAP content showed the highest photocatalytic activity for ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation under solar irradiation. The optimal composite derived from urea achieved - 10.8 and - 7.5 time of CIP degradation activity when compared with TAPpolymerized g-C 3 N 4 derived from melamine and thiourea. The copolymerization of TAP molecules reduces the pi electron defects in the g-C 3 N 4 conjugated system thus accelerates the migration of photogenerated carriers. The doping of TAP in g-C 3 N 4 reduces its band gap, which enhances the light absorption capacity and improves the utilization efficiency of visible light. The fluffy porous nanotube structure of the material endows it with unique surface morphology and excellent photoelectric characteristic. Electron spin resonance (ESR) and probe technology were used for qualitative or quantitative detection of free radicals in this work. Superoxide radicals ( O & sdot; - 2 ) played the major roles in the photodegradation of CIP. Recycling experiments displayed the high stability and activity of the modified materials, which is potentially applicable in practical engineering. Moreover, the photodegradation pathways and mechanisms of CIP were proposed and its toxicity evolution was assessed in this study. This work revealed the specific application of heterocyclic polymerization in modifying g-C 3 N 4 material and provided unique insights for its application in photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic.